Last week, the Egypt Centre celebrated fifty years
since part of the Wellcome collection arrived in Swansea in 1971 with a very
successful Zoom conference (a review of the conference in next week’s blog). At
the end of the event, the Hilton Price Virtual Collection was launched by Tom
Hardwick, Sam Powell, and I (fig.
1). In June 2021, the Egypt Centre—who hold several objects originating from the Hilton
Price collection—began
work with Abaset
Collections Ltd to create this project. The catalogue, while still a work
in progress, presents over 5200 objects, which were dispersed widely following
the sale of the collection in 1911. The aim of this project is to virtually
reunite the collection, present new information on the objects, and make it
easier for museums to identify Hilton Price objects in their own collections.
As with any project like this, cooperation is essential. We are therefore
calling upon museums, researchers, and others to get in touch with us if you
are aware of the current location of any Hilton Price objects. The Hilton Price
Virtual Collection is available via the following link: https://hiltonprice.abasetcollections.com/
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| Fig. 1: The Hilton Price Virtual Collection |
The following blog post on the history of Hilton
Price and his collection has been written by Tom Hardwick.
Frederick George Hilton Price was born in London,
20 August 1842, son of Frederick Price and Louisa Timpson. ‘Hilton’ was one of
his forenames but seems to have been promoted to become a part of his surname,
practically if not legally, early in his adult life (fig. 2). Frederick Price was a banker who
eventually became partner in the London private bank Child & Co., and
Hilton Price joined him at Child’s soon after leaving school.
By 1887 Hilton Price was a well-to-do man, married
with two children, established in succession to his father as a partner in
Child’s (he would become senior acting partner in 1901), and a founding member
of the Institute of Bankers. Prosperity allowed him to pursue his antiquarian
interests. He carried out excavations in the UK and formed collections of
Egyptian and British objects, many of which he researched and published himself
(fig. 3). He also
brought his managerial abilities to bear on the antiquarian world: he served on
the committees of the Anthropological Institute, the Society of Biblical
Archaeology (joined 1878, member of council 1881, Vice-President 1901), the
Geological Society, the Egypt Exploration Fund (becoming President in 1905),
Flinders Petrie’s Egyptian Research Account (from 1894), and the Society of
Antiquaries (becoming Director in 1894).
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| Fig. 3: Hilton Price’s bookplate from the manuscript catalogue |
‘The adoption of the Overland Route to India via
Egypt, and the opening of the Suez Canal in 1869, have drawn the attention of
the civilized world to Egypt to a remarkable degree,’ Hilton Price stated in
the preface to the first printed volume of his catalogue. The last third of the
nineteenth century saw an explosion of financial and political interest in
Egypt, effectively stemming from Mohamed Ali’s modernization of the country and
his heirs’ construction of the Suez Canal. The assumption of Franco-British
control over Egyptian finances in 1876, and the invitation of British armed
forces to quash a rebellion in 1882, led to the so-called ‘veiled protectorate’,
which further encouraged British investment in Egypt. Ancient Egyptian objects
were part of this. Not only did emboldened tourists acquire objects through a
legal (and semi-legal) market for antiquities, but foreign residents—soldiers,
diplomats, priests, doctors, businessmen—also collected souvenirs of their new
home. Foreign excavators, notably in Britain the Egypt Exploration Fund and
Flinders Petrie’s various combines, benefited from generous official divisions
of their finds, which were then passed on to sponsoring institutions and
individuals.
It was in this milieu that Hilton Price formed his
Egyptian collection, with surviving documentation showing that he was already a
seasoned collector by the early 1880s. He regularly exhibited Egyptian objects
from his collection for discussion and ‘publication’ at the Society of Biblical
Archaeology, and was a committee member of, and significant lender to, the 1895
Exhibition of the Art of Ancient Egypt organized by the Burlington Fine Arts Club. He
funded Petrie’s work from the 1880s, and later John Garstang’s excavations at
Abydos and Beni Hasan. He set up and hosted a hieroglyphic reading group later
tutored by Wallis Budge, and organized subscriptions to defray the cost of
turning Budge’s transcriptions into a book for the public. Hilton Price also
speculated with his collections, regularly consigning antiquities for sale at
Sotheby’s, the leading British auction house for antiquities, as part of a
continual process of expanding and upgrading his collection.
Hilton Price’s non-Egyptian collections and
publications have, naturally, received little attention from Egyptologists, but
are likely to have been just as—if not more—significant to him as his Egyptian
collections. His horological collection was important enough for him to have
lent it to the Victoria and Albert Museum, and it was sold en bloc after his
death for £5,000 to the American collector J. P. Morgan (whose son donated it
to the Metropolitan Museum); a significant part of his British collections was
purchased and donated to form the nucleus of the London Museum, which opened in
1912, later becoming part of the Museum of London; other objects, including his
collection of spoons, were sold at Sotheby’s between 1909–11, while his coins were
sold at two sales in 1909 and 1910.
Hilton Price wrote and published two lavish
catalogues of his Egyptian collection in 1897 and 1908 (fig. 4), which describe, and in many cases
illustrate, 5027 numbered objects or groups of objects (including objects with
a, b, c etc suffixes, this rises to 5288 objects, with scope for further
expansion among entries for ‘a lot’ of objects). These numbers were written or
printed on adhesive labels that Hilton Price fixed to the objects. Long out of
copyright and now available online, the two printed catalogues are the backbone
of this database.
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| Fig. 4: Frontispiece from volume 1 of the manuscript catalogue |
The printed catalogues were not, however, Hilton
Price’s first venture at cataloguing his collection. Four bound volumes in the
possession of one of Hilton Price’s descendants contain manuscript entries for
many of the objects in Volume 1 of his published catalogue. These entries were
not copied verbatim by the printers: they use a different classification system
to, and illustrate many more objects than the published catalogue, and often
provide information on the origins of objects not included in a catalogue for
public consumption (fig. 5).
The manuscript catalogues have recently been digitized and transcribed at
Swansea University, and data from them are being included in this database,
linked where possible to objects in the published catalogue.
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| Fig. 5: Comparison of the printed catalogue (left) and unpublished manuscript (right). A114 = 2438 and A115 = 2440 |
At Hilton Price’s death in March 1909, his will
entrusted his collections to his executor Charles Hercules Read (1857–1929),
President of the Society of Antiquaries and Keeper at the British Museum. Read
was commanded as trustee to sell all ‘things in the nature of curios of which I
shall at my death have a collection’ and to invest the proceeds and disperse
them to his heirs. Henry Solomon Wellcome (1853–1936), pharmaceutical magnate
and avid collector of ‘medical’ objects, enquired about the Egyptian collection
in June 1909, but received no reply from Read. The Egyptian collection was
finally sold at Sotheby’s in London over eight days in summer 1911 (fig. 6).
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| Fig. 6: Auction catalogue cover page |
Hilton Price’s 5089 numbered objects (published up
to 5027, the others acquired afterwards) formed the largest group of Egyptian
antiquities to come on the British market in living memory, and they fetched a
respectable £12,039/18/6 – the equivalent of somewhere between £1,200,000 and £11,500,000
today, depending on the metrics used. The text of the sale catalogue naturally
drew on the published catalogues, but perforce did not include as much
information, and listed and grouped objects in different combinations—groupings
made not to inform, to but rather to sell well. Just under 40% of the objects
had their published catalogue numbers listed in their descriptions in the
auction catalogue. A concordance of object numbers to the auction numbers was
compiled and published by Charles Cornell Van Siclen III in 1985. In order to
help viewers at the sale, and packers afterwards, many objects were given
labels with the lot number on, to join Hilton Price’s own numbered labels (fig. 7).
Wellcome was one of 71 purchasers at the sale,
according to annotated copies of the auction catalogue—although Wellcome did
not bid in person for his embryonic Historical Medical Museum (HMM) but
entrusted the bidding to his assistant Henry Charles Bourne (1858–1936).
Wellcome/Bourne acquired 81 lots containing at least 641 objects for £282/4/-
or, 5.3% of the lots containing 10.9% of the objects for 2.3% of the total
cost. Wellcome ended up as the largest purchaser of objects at the sale by a
considerable margin, and commissioned a 73-page handwritten Inventory of
Objects purchased at The Hilton Price Sale. Sothebys, July 12-July 21 1911, now
in the Wellcome Collection archives (WA/HMM/CM/Sal/20/292). This was undertaken
by the Assyriologist William St. Chad Boscawen (1855–1913), who was tasked by
Wellcome to catalogue the Egyptian antiquities. Boscawen gave objects a new
number, prefixed HP, and referenced the auction lot number and (where known,
whether from the auction catalogue or the objects themselves) Hilton Price’s
collection number. The list may even have been checked over by Wellcome
himself, as his initials HSW accompany many of the objects. Objects and
inventory were connected by affixing round plain white paper labels, containing
the HP number handwritten in black ink, to the object (fig. 8).
Private collectors stocked up at the Hilton Price
sale. The Rev. William MacGregor (1848–1937), a near contemporary of Hilton
Price, commissioned the London dealer Spink to purchase a number of pieces:
these would be sold again at the even larger and more successful auction of his
collection in 1922. Lord Carnarvon’s purchases at the sale, made through the
London dealer Feuardent, would pass to the Metropolitan Museum in New York in
1926 (fig. 9).
William Randolph Hearst (1863–1951) spent over
£1,000 on 108 lots through the dealer William Permain, while the British
collectors Joseph John Acworth (1853–1927) and Edwin Sydney Hartland
(1848–1927) bought in their own names. The largest purchasers by number of lots
and objects, however, were dealers, such as S. G. Fenton, G. F. Lawrence, and
Robert de Rustafjaell (1859–1943) from London, Kalebjian Frères from Paris, and
Ralph Huntington Blanchard (1875–1936) from Cairo—a reminder of the global
nature of the trade in Egyptian antiquities.
Wellcome acquired many more Hilton Price objects
after the sale, both from dealers and sales of collections formed after 1911.
The Hilton Price connection was sometimes noted when the objects were
catalogued in the Welcome Historical Medical Museum (WHMM), or can be
reconstructed from the survival of a Hilton Price collection label or sale lot
label on the object itself (fig.
10).
Wellcome died in 1936 and his vision for his
sprawling collections (of which the roughly 20,000 Egyptian objects formed a
small percentage) died with him. The trustees of the Wellcome Foundation
decided to dispose of what they considered the less relevant parts of his
collections, a process that took nearly fifty years. Museums around Britain
received donations of Egyptian material; most significantly in the case of
Swansea University, where the donation transformed the University’s collection
and study of Egyptology. Recent work on the Egypt Centre’s collection has
focused on the histories of objects, and many Hilton Price objects have been
re-identified in the Egypt Centre and elsewhere.
There is clearly no shortage of information about
Hilton Price’s Egyptian objects. The Hilton Price Virtual Collection, combining
manuscript catalogues, printed catalogues, sale catalogue, Wellcome list, and
object labels, should allow many hitherto anonymous objects to be identified as
having belonged to Hilton Price, and their paths from Egypt to their current
locations mapped out in considerable detail.
Further reading:
Bierbrier, Morris L. 2019. Who was who in Egyptology,
5th revised ed. London: Egypt Exploration Society. p. 376
Hardwick, Tom. ‘Many marks of many hands’ (article on
Hilton Price’s manuscript catalogue, in press; source of this introduction).
Larson, Frances 2009. An infinity of things: how Sir
Henry Wellcome collected the world. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Oxford Dictionary of National Biography entry on
Hilton Price: https://doi.org/10.1093/
ref:odnb/35609
Hilton Price the banker: https://www.natwestgroup.com/heritage/people/frederick-george-hilton-price.html
